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<article id="post-假期小结" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<time datetime="2015-10-24T14:10:29.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-10-24</time>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/10/24/假期小结/">假期小结</a>
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<p>自六月底从腐国回家已经快三个月了，这三个月发生了很多事情，经历了许多此生难忘的别离。想着写点什么东西，却发现平时不做记录，到想表达的时候竟忘记大半。既然这样，就想到哪写到哪吧。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="【一】">【一】</h2><p>最近看了一部良心电视剧，不用说大家都知道是《琅琊榜》。一卷风云琅琊榜，囊进天下奇英才。故事背景并不震撼脱俗，可是原作中人物的定位，主题的升华，加上制片方满满的诚意，使得这部电视剧小处见感动，大着荡气回肠，看完心中如同潮水澎湃又如细雨缠绵，回味无穷。上一次看电视剧有这样的感觉，我印象中还是我东方教主的新笑傲江湖。当然那部剧的功劳我归结于教主不俗的演绎。我对这些“古装历史故事”是有偏爱的，这也导致了眼光更加挑剔。这一偏爱的根源产生于剑侠RPG游戏带来的感动，从天之痕到幻想三国志到新绝代双娇再到仙剑系列，这些精良制作的游戏本身并不是我享受的内容，而是通过游戏的形式，生动的为我演绎了一个个感人至深的江湖故事。</p>
<p>说回《琅琊榜》，就像制片人形容的那样:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“海晏将浩气给了萧景琰，将仁恕给了萧景睿，将阔达给了言豫津，将荣光给了霓凰，将疏狂给了蔺晨，将纯粹给了飞流……最后将一个不灭的赤子之心给了林殊，人性的漆黑夜色里，这一盏灯芯如月。”<br> —— 侯鸿亮</p>
</blockquote>
<p>看完电视剧，我特地找来原版小说继续来拜读，刚读完第一卷，小说的构架和电视剧如出一辙，蹭蹭递进，慢慢的引出人物关系。阅读过程中，仿佛又一次回到故事世界中，回味那走过一遍的感动。这小说说起来是一部讲述复仇的故事，可却不单单是复仇，因为他复仇的对象既不是当年一手制造赤焰惨案的夏江和谢玉，也不是生性多疑，薄情寡恩的梁帝，而是整个摇摇欲坠，风俗败坏的腐朽朝廷。梅长苏通过自身绝世无双的智慧以及朋友们的帮助，一步一步完成了对旧制度旧体系的改造。最后虽然战死沙场，却能够以林殊的身份回到属于自己的地方，可谓死而无憾。也许是性别的原因，在大家痴迷于靖王殿下的阳刚争气之时，剧中我最喜欢的角色是刘涛饰演的霓凰郡主。女中豪杰的形象之前影视作品中很多，却鲜有像此般深入我心。战场上领兵十万，朝堂上独挡一方，私下里在林殊面前，只是一个娇小令人心疼的“吾妹霓凰”。无论是太奶奶处初见，还是城外相认，或是“期望十年足矣”，再者最后“来世之约”，霓凰对林殊感情至深令人触动。林殊却是身不由己，虽然深爱霓凰，却因背负着七万赤焰军的血冤，以及火寒毒带来的身心摧残，只能希望霓凰能找到另一个真心伴侣。影片最后，林殊少帅的“此生一诺，来世必践”令人心碎。</p>
<p>这部戏的演员选择也是恰到好处，梅长苏可以说是为胡歌量身打造，十年涅磐重生，改变的不仅仅是演技，流露的更多是人生感悟。刘涛在对霓凰的塑造上也堪称完美，记得刘涛在演电视剧《贤妻》时的微博长文，回忆了在她老公王珂破产之后，一位“贤妻”以身作则，带领家人走出人生低谷的经历。人们在看惯了阔太刘涛之类的新闻之后，不禁对这位“花瓶”刮目相看。不知是不是先入为主的原因，我脑海中想不出第二个形象，比刘涛更适合霓凰郡主。看来心中的“女神”形象要易主了。剧中其他任务的塑造也是非常到位，得知这是同之前大热片《伪装者》同班底时，我想有空倒追一下后者这部剧。</p>
<p>这几天天天单曲循环刘涛的《红颜旧》，估计故事带来的感动还需数日才能散去。。。</p>
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<article id="post-面试准备小结" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<a href="/2015/10/18/面试准备小结/" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2015-10-18T00:59:10.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-10-18</time>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/10/18/面试准备小结/">银行面试准备小结</a>
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<h2 id="前天下午收到上海分行初轮面试通知，昨天上午进行了一些突击培训，现总结复习如下。">前天下午收到上海分行初轮面试通知，昨天上午进行了一些突击培训，现总结复习如下。</h2><h3 id="口语">口语</h3><ul>
<li>声音洪亮（体现了面试者的自信心）</li>
<li>运用停顿与重音（体现了言语之间的层次）</li>
<li>中心句表达法（将想法形成体系，提炼小标题）</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="稳定的心理素质">稳定的心理素质</h2><p><em>此点乃重中之重，不要患得患失，现代社会人一生总是处于竞争之中，一次两次的竞争不能代表什么。</em></p>
<h3 id="答题技巧和应对方略">答题技巧和应对方略</h3><ul>
<li>半结构化面谈（部分规定题目和答案，部分加问）</li>
<li><em>无领导小组讨论</em><ul>
<li>记录每个人的观点，相同中找不同，不同中找相同</li>
<li>尊重对手</li>
<li>坚持自己的同时，有原则的放弃</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="题型分类">题型分类</h2><hr>
<h4 id="一、自我认知题（自我介绍、工作经验）">一、自我认知题（自我介绍、工作经验）</h4><p>突显自己的成绩，用事实说话，举例说明你在项目中发挥的作用，并联系招聘岗位</p>
<h5 id="需要准备的内容">需要准备的内容</h5><ol>
<li>学习情况（掌握哪些知识）</li>
<li>能力（特长）</li>
<li>政治面貌（中共党员）</li>
<li>道德（学习生活过程中的感悟，联系实际——吃苦耐劳、乐于奉献、学会感恩、报效社会）</li>
<li>兴趣爱好（与工作要联系紧密）</li>
<li><em>分别准备1分钟、2分钟和3分钟的自我介绍</em></li>
</ol>
<h4 id="二、职位认知">二、职位认知</h4><h5 id="银行历史">银行历史</h5><ol>
<li>成立原因、过程</li>
<li>现状</li>
<li>面临的问题</li>
<li>可能采取的对策</li>
<li>职责和使命</li>
</ol>
<h5 id="行业认知">行业认知</h5><p>现代金融业的职责</p>
<ol>
<li>经济大动脉（社会运行的依赖，国民发展的支撑）</li>
<li>百姓生活所必须的服务内容</li>
</ol>
<p>现代金融业所面临的形式（主动带入答案）</p>
<ul>
<li>国际竞争激烈（人才、管理等方面与老牌资本主义国家之间差距）</li>
<li>全球经济下滑（速度放缓）</li>
<li>互联网加带来的新竞争和冲击</li>
<li>深化改革红利的是去（利差变小，利率市场化）</li>
<li>既往不规范竞争带来的负效应的消化（行政管理更严格，民众维权意识更强）</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="三、报考动机">三、报考动机</h4><p>大小结合、大而不空、小而不俗<br>（大到报效国家和社会，小到个人家庭考虑）</p>
<p>为什么回报社会：今天能够学业有成，享受高等教育，除了父母的培养，还有社会环境提供了良好的硬件和软件等。<br>个人原因：经济独立，财务自由，小道理不庸俗</p>
<h4 id="四、工作待遇">四、工作待遇</h4><p>不仅仅限于钱。</p>
<ul>
<li>专业能力的培养</li>
<li>职业生涯规划</li>
<li>晋升空间</li>
<li>个人与社会结合的实现（情怀）</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="五、综合分析题（考量思维能力）">五、综合分析题（考量思维能力）</h4><h5 id="评价观点">评价观点</h5><ol>
<li>真实含义解释清楚</li>
<li>其中包含的道理（辩证回答）</li>
<li>联系实际（如果是我，我会怎么做）</li>
</ol>
<h5 id="社会热点">社会热点</h5><ol>
<li>指出问题的本质</li>
<li>阐述理由（分析原因，寻求对策）</li>
<li>辩证维护</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="六、人际关系题（必考）（情景模拟）">六、人际关系题（必考）（情景模拟）</h4><p>三个原则</p>
<ul>
<li>找准立场</li>
<li>灵活变通</li>
<li>善意的谎言</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="七、计划组织（安排活动）">七、计划组织（安排活动）</h4><ol>
<li>充分预见工作对象所涉及的人力、财力、物件</li>
<li>主动设想不同的情况、采取不同的应对策略</li>
<li>不仅于完成，要更加出色（调研，针对）</li>
<li>总结。一定要提高和升华目标</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="八、应变能力（处理突发事件）">八、应变能力（处理突发事件）</h4><p>原则：</p>
<ul>
<li><em>抓住重点（正在做的事情和突发的事情，哪个是重点）</em></li>
<li>兼顾其他</li>
<li>多方案（灵魂）</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="九、演讲题">九、演讲题</h4><h5 id="证论演讲（摆事实，讲道理）">证论演讲（摆事实，讲道理）</h5><h5 id="情景型演讲">情景型演讲</h5><ul>
<li>角色带入</li>
<li>听众的角色是什么</li>
<li>定位主题</li>
<li>规划层次和结构</li>
<li>展开合理的想象和联想</li>
<li>语言要富有感染力</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-从Voyage开始" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
<div class="article-meta">
<a href="/2015/10/14/从Voyage开始/" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2015-10-14T14:08:45.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-10-14</time>
</a>
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<h1 itemprop="name">
<a class="article-title" href="/2015/10/14/从Voyage开始/">从Voyage开始</a>
</h1>
</header>
<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<p>很久没有更新博客，也没有写点什么了。6月份一直保持的比较好的学习coursearea和Edx的习惯也在妈妈来英国旅游之后打破。首先反思一下原因吧，主要有两点:</p>
<ol>
<li>一件没有养成习惯的事情一旦中断下来，便会滋生惰性，导致“项目”失败</li>
<li>套用现在行话，学习“进入深水区”，在论文期间看的python的一些教学基本还是覆盖我原来掌握的知识，到了新章节的部分，需要更多时间和精力去钻研才能掌握，失去了新鲜感带来的动力。</li>
</ol>
<p><em>总而言之，想要完成一个计划，或者养成某种习惯，只有简单的重复和坚持；一旦暂停，前功尽弃。</em></p>
<p>本篇文章的题目叫从Voyage开始，自然就是Kindle Voyage。在英国看到它刚推出的时候就心痒无比，然而因为实在过高的售价望而却步。后来在Bristol看见安逗逼买的一个，确实屏幕甩PW几条街，何况我还是PW1，坑爹的John Leviws。<br>回家之后，有天老爸酒多了看电视，不知看的什么节目好好的说马云平时喜欢看《论语》心得，还看了好几遍，让我也给他弄一本。我就突然想，不如给他也买个kindle,让他感受感受科技阅读的体验吧。如此一来，我便下手了KV，并且收拾了我的PW丢给了老爸。这中间还让我重拾了许多kindle不曾用的功能，并且用回了Amazon的原生系统。坑爹的多看都半年不更新了。<br>说回正题，买回KV之后，我陆陆续续看了几本时间管理和自我管理的不能叫鸡汤书的鸡汤书吧。《如何阅读一本书》中提到了读书需总结的几个要点：</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>整体来说，这本书到底在谈什么？</li>
<li>作者细部说了什么，怎么说的？</li>
<li>这本书说得有道理吗？是全部有道理，还是部分有道理？</li>
<li>这本书跟你有什么关系？如果这本书给了你一些资讯，这些咨询有什么意义？</li>
<li>为什么作者认为知道这件事很重要？你真的有必要去要了解么？</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>回想我之前的阅读经历，确实没有深入思考过。不谈深入思考，简单的整理，回想都不多，以至于读完就忘，基本没有印象。这样的收获是很少的。<br>那下面的篇幅我就来整理一下最近读的基本“整理术”的基本思想好了。</p>
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<article id="post-CS6.00X" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
<div class="article-meta">
<a href="/2015/06/11/CS6.00X/" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2015-06-11T00:50:47.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-06-11</time>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/06/11/CS6.00X/">CS6.00复习笔记</a>
</h1>
</header>
<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<h2 id="MIT_CS6-00复习笔记">MIT CS6.00复习笔记</h2><blockquote>
<p>很久之前就在简书上看到MIT这门课的推荐，由于时间一直对不上，之前都没能赶上EDX的最新在线更新，只是在MIT opencourse上或者网易公开课上看到09年和10年的旧版大学课堂录制视频。学习起来有些费劲，但是纵观课程syllabus，这门对于编程系统的入门还是相当不错的。本科结合python语言对计算机算法有一个初步的介绍。非常适合启蒙。最新的课程安排好像去掉了旧版中制图和数据处理的部分，将可能重点还是放在算法等核心思想的掌握上。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="1-0_Lecture_1">1.0 Lecture 1</h3><h5 id="What_is_computation?">What is computation?</h5><ul>
<li>what is knowledge?</li>
<li>declarative knowledge 陈述性知识<ul>
<li>statements of fact </li>
<li>“the square root of a number x is a number y such that y*y = x”</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>imperative knowledge 祈使性知识<ul>
<li>“how to” methods or recipes </li>
<li>“recipe” for deducing a square root:<ul>
<li>start with a guess, called <em>g</em></li>
<li>if g*g is close enough to x, stop and say that g is the answer</li>
<li>otherwise make a new guess, by averaging g and x/g</li>
<li>using this new guess, repeat the process until we get close enough</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Aspects_of_languages">Aspects of languages</h5><ul>
<li>primitive constructs 原始结构<ul>
<li>numbers, strings, operators</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>syntax - which strings of characters and symbols are well-formed</li>
<li>static semantics - which syntactically valid strings have a meaning 静态语义学，语法有错但是有意义</li>
<li>semantics - what is the meaning associated with a syntactically correct string of symbols with no static semantic errors<h4 id="错误原因">错误原因</h4></li>
<li>syntactic errors 语法错误</li>
<li>static semantic errors</li>
<li>没有错但是不能完成目的</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<article id="post-modelthinking" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
<div class="article-meta">
<a href="/2015/06/08/modelthinking/" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2015-06-08T02:58:58.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-06-08</time>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/06/08/modelthinking/">Model Thinking 模型思维</a>
</h1>
</header>
<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<p>模型思维是Coursera上密歇根大学的公开课程，概览syllabus觉得挺有意思，做一些笔记加深印象。</p>
<h1 id="1-1_Reasons_for_model_thinking">1.1 Reasons for model thinking</h1><ol>
<li>Intelligent citizen of the world<blockquote>
<p>了解多种模型，并且学会具体应用</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Clearer Thinker<blockquote>
<p>例如一个人去餐厅吃饭，有多家餐厅选择，影响他的因素有：</p>
<ul>
<li>他有多少钱</li>
<li>餐厅的消费水平</li>
<li>他能够就餐的时间</li>
<li>个人的口味偏好</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Understand and Use Data</li>
<li>Decide, Strategize, and Design</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="1-2_Section_Structure">1.2 Section Structure</h3><ul>
<li>The model<ul>
<li>assumptions, results, applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Technical Details<ul>
<li>Measures, proofs(Easy, medium, hard)</li>
<li>practice problems</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fertility</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-3_Understand_class_of_outcome">1.3 Understand class of outcome</h3><ul>
<li>equilibrium</li>
<li>cycle</li>
<li>random</li>
<li>complex</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-4_Use_and_Understand_Data">1.4 Use and Understand Data</h3><ol>
<li>understand patterns</li>
<li>predict points</li>
<li>produce bounds</li>
<li>retrodict</li>
<li>predict other</li>
<li>inform data collection</li>
<li>estimate hidden parameters</li>
<li>calibrate 校准</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="1-5_Decide,_Strategize,_Design">1.5 Decide, Strategize, Design</h3><ol>
<li>Decision aids</li>
<li>Comparative statics</li>
<li>Counterfactuals 反事实</li>
<li>Identify and Rank levers 评级</li>
<li>Experimental design</li>
<li>Institutional design</li>
<li>Help choose among policies and institutions</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="2-1_Sorting_vs_Peer_Effects">2.1 Sorting vs Peer Effects</h2><ul>
<li>Schelling</li>
<li>Granovetter</li>
<li>Standing Ovation</li>
<li>Identification</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-2_Schelling’s_Segregation_Model_谢林隔离模型">2.2 Schelling’s Segregation Model 谢林隔离模型</h3><p>people choosing where to live</p>
<ul>
<li>种族隔离</li>
<li>收入差距导致的隔离</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="agent_based_model">agent based model</h4><ul>
<li>people</li>
<li>rules</li>
<li>actions</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-3_Peer_Effect_群同效应">2.3 Peer Effect 群同效应</h2><h3 id="2-3-1_Granovettor’s_Model">2.3.1 Granovettor’s Model</h3><ul>
<li>N Individuals</li>
<li>Each has a Threshold</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</article>
<article id="post-Data getting" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
<div class="article-meta">
<a href="/2015/06/06/Data getting/" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2015-06-06T06:23:57.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2015-06-06</time>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/06/06/Data getting/">NOTES：获取和整理数据</a>
</h1>
</header>
<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<h2 id="数据处理过程">数据处理过程</h2><p>Raw data -> Processing script -> tidy data -> data analysis -> data communication</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“Data are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items.”</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>qualitative: country of origin, sex, treatment</li>
<li>quantitative: height, weight, blood pressure</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="the_tidy_data">the tidy data</h3><ol>
<li>each variable you measure should be in one column</li>
<li>each different observation of variable should be in a different row</li>
<li>there should be one table for each “kind” of variable</li>
<li>if you have multiple tables, they should include a column in the table that allows them to be linken<h3 id="The_four_things_you_should_have">The four things you should have</h3></li>
<li>the raw data</li>
<li>a tidy data set</li>
<li>a code book describing each variable and its values in the tidy data set</li>
<li>an explicit and exact recipe you used to go from 1 -> 2,3</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="1-_Get/set_working_directory">1. Get/set working directory</h2><p><strong>getwd() and setwd()</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>relative - setwd(“./data”), setwd(“../“)</li>
<li>absolute - setwd(“.Users/jtleek/data/“)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="checking_for_and_creating_directories">checking for and creating directories</h4><ul>
<li>file.exists(“directoryName”)</li>
<li>dir.create(“directoryName”)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code><span class="keyword">if</span> (!<span class="built_in">file</span>.exist(<span class="string">"data"</span>))
dir.<span class="built_in">create</span>(<span class="string">"data"</span>)
}
</code></pre><h4 id="Getting_data_from_internet-_download-file()">Getting data from internet- download.file()</h4><pre><code>fileUrl <- <span class="string">"https://data.baltimorecity.gov/api/views/dz54-2aru/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD"</span>
download.file(fileUrl, destfile = <span class="string">"./data/cameras.csv"</span>, <span class="keyword">method</span> = <span class="string">"curl"</span>)
list.files(<span class="string">"./data"</span>)
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"cameras.csv"</span>
dateDownloaded <- date() <span class="comment">#记录下载时间</span>
</code></pre><p><img src="/image/gettingdata1.png" alt=""></p>
<h5 id="Some_important_parameters">Some important parameters</h5><ul>
<li>quite you can tell R whether there are nay quoted values quote=“” means no quotes</li>
<li>na.string set the character that represent a missing value</li>
<li>rows how many rows to read of the file(rows =10 reads 10 lines)</li>
<li>skip number of lines to skip before starting to read</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-reading_specific_rows_and_columns">2.reading specific rows and columns</h3><pre><code><span class="title">colIndex</span> <- <span class="number">2</span>:<span class="number">3</span>
<span class="title">rowIndex</span> <- <span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">4</span>
<span class="title">cameraDateSubset</span> <- read.xlsx(<span class="string">"./data/cameras.xlsx"</span>, sheetIndex = <span class="number">1</span>, colIndex = colIndex, rowIndex = rowIndex)
</code></pre><h2 id="XML">XML</h2><p>Extensible markup language</p>
<ul>
<li>markup labels that give the text structure</li>
<li>content the actual text of the document</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="tags_correspond_to_general_labels">tags correspond to general labels</h3><pre><code>-<span class="ruby"> start tags <section>
</span>-<span class="ruby"> <span class="keyword">end</span> tags <<span class="regexp">/section>
</span></span>-<span class="ruby"> empty tags <line-<span class="keyword">break</span> />
</span>elements are specific examples of tags
-<span class="ruby"> <<span class="constant">Greeting</span>\> <span class="constant">Hello</span>, world <<span class="regexp">/Greeting></span></span>
</code></pre><h4 id="read_the_file_into_R">read the file into R</h4><pre><code><span class="function"><span class="title">library</span><span class="params">(XML)</span></span>
fileUrl <- <span class="string">"http://www.w3schools.com/xml/simple.xml"</span>
doc <- <span class="function"><span class="title">xmlTreeParse</span><span class="params">(fileUrl, useInternal = TRUE)</span></span>
rootNode <- <span class="function"><span class="title">xmlRoot</span><span class="params">(doc)</span></span>
<span class="function"><span class="title">xmlName</span><span class="params">(rootNode)</span></span>
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"breakfast_menu"</span>
<span class="function"><span class="title">names</span><span class="params">(rootNode)</span></span>
<span class="function"><span class="title">xmlSApply</span><span class="params">(rootNode, xmlValue)</span></span>
</code></pre><p><img src="/image/gettingdata2.png" alt=""></p>
<p><img src="/image/gettingdata3.png" alt=""></p>
<h2 id="3-_Create_data_tables_just_like_data_frames">3. Create data tables just like data frames</h2><pre><code><span class="function"><span class="title">library</span><span class="params">(data.table)</span></span>
DF = data.<span class="function"><span class="title">frame</span><span class="params">(x=rnorm(<span class="number">9</span>)</span></span>,y=<span class="function"><span class="title">rep</span><span class="params">(c(<span class="string">"a"</span>,<span class="string">"b"</span>,<span class="string">"c"</span>)</span></span>,each=<span class="number">3</span>,z=<span class="function"><span class="title">rnorm</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">9</span>)</span></span>)
<span class="function"><span class="title">head</span><span class="params">(DF,<span class="number">3</span>)</span></span>
DT = data.<span class="function"><span class="title">table</span><span class="params">(x=rnorm(<span class="number">9</span>)</span></span>,y=<span class="function"><span class="title">rep</span><span class="params">(c(<span class="string">"a"</span>,<span class="string">"b"</span>,<span class="string">"c"</span>)</span></span>,each=<span class="number">3</span>,z=<span class="function"><span class="title">rnorm</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">9</span>)</span></span>)
<span class="string">''</span><span class="function"><span class="title">head</span><span class="params">(DF,<span class="number">3</span>)</span></span>
</code></pre>
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<article id="post-R语言学习笔记——第二周" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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<a class="article-title" href="/2015/06/06/R语言学习笔记——第二周/">R语言学习笔记——第二周</a>
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<h2 id="2-1_控制结构_Control_Structures">2.1 控制结构 Control Structures</h2><ul>
<li>if,else</li>
<li>for</li>
<li>while</li>
<li>repeat</li>
<li>break</li>
<li>next</li>
<li>return<br>与PYTHON中类似，syntax稍有不同：</li>
</ul>
<pre><code><span class="keyword">if</span>(<<span class="keyword">condition</span>>) {
#<span class="keyword">do</span> something
} <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span>(<conditon>) {
#<span class="keyword">do</span> something
} <span class="keyword">else</span> {
#<span class="keyword">do</span> something <span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span>(i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="number">1</span>:<span class="number">10</span>) {
pirnt(i)
}
</code></pre><p>repeat一般和break一起用，无限循环</p>
<pre><code><span class="title">x0</span> <- <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="title">tol</span> <- <span class="number">1e-8</span>
<span class="title">repeat</span> {
x1 <- computeEstimate()
<span class="keyword">if</span>(abs(x1 - x0) < tol {
break
} <span class="keyword">else</span> {
x0 <- x1
}
}
</code></pre><p>next: used to skip an iteration of loop<br>跳过本轮循环直接进入下一轮（break跳出循环）</p>
<h2 id="2-2_Function">2.2 Function</h2><pre><code>f <- <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span><span class="params">(<arguments>)</span> </span>{
#<span class="keyword">do</span> something interesting
}
</code></pre><h4 id="2-2-1_argument_matching">2.2.1 argument matching</h4><ol>
<li>check for exact match for a named argument 完全匹配</li>
<li>check for a partial match 部分匹配</li>
<li>check for a positional match 位置匹配</li>
</ol>
<p>R中定义函数的最后一行为返回值（return）</p>
<h4 id="2-2-2_the_“…”_Argument">2.2.2 the “…” Argument</h4><ul>
<li>… is often used when extending another function and don’t want to copy the entire argument list of the original function</li>
<li>Generic functions use … so that extra arguments can be passed to methods</li>
<li>the … argument is also necessary when the number of arguments passed to the function cannot be know in advance.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>> args(paste)
<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="params">(<span class="rest_arg">..., sep</span> = <span class="string">" "</span>, collapse = NULL)</span></span>
</code></pre><h2 id="2-3_Scoping_rules_作用域">2.3 Scoping rules 作用域</h2><p>当R试图绑定一个值的时候，他会从一些列的环境中搜索 <em>environments</em><br>用 <em>search()</em> 来罗列search list<br>首先会从<em>global</em>环境中搜寻</p>
<ul>
<li>the scoping rules determine how a value is associated with a free variable in a function</li>
<li>R uses <strong>lexical scoping</strong> or <strong>static scoping</strong>. A common alternative is a dynamic scoping.</li>
<li>related to the scoping rules is how R uses the search list to bind a value to a symbol</li>
<li>lexical scoping turns out to be particularly useful for simplifying statistical computations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-3-1_What_is_an_environment?">2.3.1 What is an environment?</h3><ul>
<li>An <strong>environment</strong> is a collection of (symbol, value) pairs, i,e. x is a symbol and 3.14 might be its value</li>
<li>Every environment has a parent environment; it is possible for an environment to have multiple “children”</li>
<li>the only environment without a parent is the empty environment</li>
<li>A function + an environment = a closure of <strong>function closure</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>search for the value for a free variable:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the value of a symbol is not found in the environment in which a function was defined, then the search is continued in the <strong>parent</strong> environment</li>
<li>The search continues down the sequence of parent environments until we hit the top-level environment; this usually the global environment(workspace) or the namespace of package.</li>
<li>After the top-level environment, the search continues down the search list until we hit the empty environment. If a value for a given symbol cannot be found once the empty environment is arrived at, then an error is thrown.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-3-2_What_is_in_a_function’s_environment?">2.3.2 What is in a function’s environment?</h3><pre><code>> <span class="function"><span class="title">ls</span><span class="params">(environment(cube)</span></span>)
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"n"</span> <span class="string">"pow"</span>
> <span class="function"><span class="title">get</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">"n"</span>, environmetn(cube)</span></span>)
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="number">3</span>
</code></pre><h2 id="2-4_Coding_Standard">2.4 Coding Standard</h2><ol>
<li>Always use text files/text editor</li>
<li>Indent your code</li>
<li>Limit the width of your code(80 columns?)</li>
<li>Limit the length of individual function</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="2-5_Dates_and_Time">2.5 Dates and Time</h2><ul>
<li>Dates are represented by <strong>Date</strong> class</li>
<li>Times are represented by the <strong>POSIXct</strong> or the <strong>POSIXlt</strong> class</li>
<li>Dates are stored internally as the number of days since 1970–01-01</li>
<li>Times are stored internally as the number of seconds since 1970-01-01</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>x<- as.<span class="function"><span class="title">Date</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">"1970-01-01"</span>)</span></span>
x
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"1970-01-01"</span>
<span class="function"><span class="title">unclass</span><span class="params">(x)</span></span>
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="number">0</span>
<span class="function"><span class="title">unclass</span><span class="params">(as.Date(<span class="string">"1970-01-01"</span>)</span></span>)
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="number">1</span>
</code></pre><ul>
<li><strong>POSIXct</strong> is just a very large integer under the hood; it use a useful class when you want to store times in something like a data frame</li>
<li><strong>POSIXlt</strong> is a list underneath and it stores a bunch of other useful information like the day of the week, day of the year, month, day of the month</li>
</ul>
<p>there are a number of generic functions that work on dates and times:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>weekdays</strong> give the day of the week</li>
<li><strong>months</strong> give the month name</li>
<li><strong>quarters</strong> give the quarter number (“Q1”,”Q2)</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>x <- Sys.time()
x
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"2013-01-24 22:04:14 ETS“
p <- as.POSIXlt(x)
names(unclass(p))
[1] "</span>sec<span class="string">" "</span>min<span class="string">" "</span>hou<span class="string">r" "</span>mday<span class="string">" "</span>mon<span class="string">"
[6] "</span>yea<span class="string">r" "w</span>day<span class="string">" "</span>yday<span class="string">" "</span>isdst<span class="string">"
p$sec
[1] 14.34</span>
</code></pre><p>there is <strong>strptime</strong> function in case your dates are written in a different format:</p>
<pre><code>datestring <- c(<span class="string">"January 10, 2012 10:40"</span>, <span class="string">"December 9 ,2011)
x <- strptime(datestring, "</span><span class="variable">%B</span> <span class="variable">%d</span>, <span class="variable">%Y</span> <span class="variable">%H</span>:<span class="variable">%M</span>:)
X
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"2012-01-10 10:40:00"</span> <span class="string">"2011-12-09 09:10:00"</span>
class(<span class="keyword">x</span>)
[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="string">"POSIXlt "</span>POSIXt<span class="string">"</span>
</code></pre>
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